Biology Photosynthesis Lab - 934 Words

Biology lab AIM: To test a leaf for starch APPARATUS/MATERIALS : * bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze(OR 90oC electric water bath OR hot plate) * 250 cm3 beaker * boiling tube * anti- bumping granules * forceps * test tube holder * white tile * leaf to be tested (hibiscus leaves are excellent) * 90% ethanol * iodine/potassium iodide solution PROCEDURE: The video above shows the steps in Testing a Leaf for the Presence of Starch. The Procedure outlined below is slightly different. 1. Remove a green leaf fom a plant that has been exposed to sunlight for a few hours 2. Half-fill a 250cm3 beaker with water. Heat the water until it boils. Keep the water at boiling point. 3. Use the†¦show more content†¦Most photosynthesis takes places in the green parts of plants, in particular the leaves. Photosynthesis involves 2 stages - the Light-dependent Stage and the Light-independent stage. In the light-depedent stage, water is photolyzed by sunlight into Hydrogen and oxgen. Hydrogen enters the second stage, oxgen is gaseous by-product. In the light - independent stage enzymes catalyse the reduction of carbon dioxide by hydrogen. The carbohydrate, glucose is first formed. Glucoe may be immediately used, translocated in the form of fructose or sucrose or stored as starch granules. The overall equation for photosynthesis is: 2. Which organic substance does iodine/potassium iodide solution detect the presence of? What observations will you make if the test is positive? Starch. The iodine solution will turn from brown to blue - black. 3. Explain the significance of boiling the leaf in water. Boiling the leaf in water: * Removes the waxy cuticle which prevents entry of iodine/potassium iodide solution. * Ruptures cell membranes to make starch granules in cytoplasm and chloroplasts accessible to iodine/potassium iodide solutiion. Cell membranes are selectively permeable and do not readily allow the penetration of iodine. * Denatures enzymes, particularly those which convert starch to glucose e.g. diastase. Boiling arrests all chemical reactions, since enzymes which catalyse the reactions areShow MoreRelatedBiology Photosynthesis Lab925 Words   |  4 PagesBiology lab AIM: To test a leaf for starch APPARATUS/MATERIALS  : * bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze(OR 90oC electric water bath OR hot plate) * 250 cm3 beaker * boiling tube * anti- bumping granules * forceps * test tube holder * white tile * leaf to be tested (hibiscus leaves are excellent) * 90% ethanol * iodine/potassium iodide solution PROCEDURE: The video above shows the steps in Testing a Leaf for the Presence of Starch. The Procedure outlined below isRead MoreThe Analysis of Spinach Pigmentation During Photosynthesis (biology Lab Report)1050 Words   |  5 PagesSpinach Pigmentationp During Photosynthesis p University of Alabamap I. Introduction:p quot;Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; it occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotesquot; (Campbell, G-16). The formula below is photosynthesis and quot;the ingredients necessary to make a plant growquot; (KoK, 30).p 6CO_2 + 6H_2_0,,#179; C_6_H_12_O_6_ + 6CO_2p Photosynthesis occurs within chloroplasts whichRead MoreThe Effect of Temperature on Photosynthesis1085 Words   |  5 Pagesproduct of photosynthesis, which is the process that converts energy in sunlight to chemical forms of energy that can be used by biological systems2. Many organisms are not able to use the energy obtained from sunlight directly; however, plants are able to use this energy and convert it into chemical energy by converting CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (water) to organic materials3. The energy source for photosynthesis comes from sunlight, which allows for the fuel that drives photosynthesis. This processRead MoreLab Report on Photosynthesis Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesLab Report: Understanding Photosynthesis Gen Biology Lab Abstract: This lab was called photosynthesis: understanding photosynthesis. It is a highly complex process that needs to be broken down in many steps to understand how it works. This lab covers the big components in photosynthesis including carbon dioxide intake, light consumption, and varying pigmentation. Introduction: Photosynthesis is a huge concept to learn and understand in the field of biology. Plants have their own specialRead MorePhotosynthesis Lab Report866 Words   |  4 Pages Photosynthesis Lab 8 Section 022 Kaileen Savage Tanushree Majumber Introduction â€Å"Photosynthesis is a biochemical process for building carbohydrates using energy from sunlight and carbon dioxide taken from the air†, (Morris, J. (2016) Biology How Life Works. New York, NY.). It is a system that uses plants and specific algae to synthesize molecules from both water and carbon dioxide. The oxygen we breathe and the food we eat is fueled by photosynthesis because it is anRead MorePhotosintersis Experiment1317 Words   |  6 PagesMeasuring the Effect of Light Intensity on Photosynthesis Introduction Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight. Plants, algae, and some bacteria use the energy captured during photosynthesis for their metabolic reactions. During photosynthesis in plants, chlorophyll and enzymes in leaves convert certain wavelengths of light into chemical energy. A simple equation can be used to represent photosynthesis. Enzymes and Chlorophyll light energy CO2 H2O carbohydrate O2 In this investigationRead MoreLeaflab Report Essay943 Words   |  4 PagesMarlena Ferone LeafLab Biology 101 - Professor Landry University of Phoenix Due Date: August 30, 2011 EXPLORATION What is the relationship between the increase in light intensity and the photosynthetic rate in leaves from a corn plant? How does this relationship compare with what you observed for tomato plants? As light intensity increases, the photosynthetic rate of a plant increases as well. However biochemical reaction, in fact, DO have temperature limits because if the temperaturesRead MoreLeaf Lab931 Words   |  4 PagesMarlena Ferone LeafLab Biology 101 - Professor Landry University of Phoenix Due Date: August 30, 2011 EXPLORATION What is the relationship between the increase in light intensity and the photosynthetic rate in leaves from a corn plant? How does this relationship compare with what you observed for tomato plants? As light intensity increases, the photosynthetic rate of a plant increases as well. However biochemical reaction, in fact, DO have temperature limits because if the temperaturesRead MoreWorld War Ii Through the 1970s627 Words   |  3 PagesENERGY IN A CELL Lab Name: Tigist Badeg Data Table. Step | Tile | 1. | Energy | 2. | H2O, CO2, Chlorophyll | 3. | Electron Transfer | 4. | ATP + NADPH | 5. | Calvin cycle | 6. | Glucose and O2 | 7. | Glycolysis | 8. | Pyruvic acid | 9. | Krebs cycle | 10. | ATP, H2O and CO2 | 1.What is the importance of the light and dark reactions in photosynthesis? In light reactions, light is absorbed by chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane and energizes the electronsRead MoreIB Bio lab report on photosynthesis1509 Words   |  7 PagesThe effect of different coloured lights on the rate of Photosynthesis Objective: To find out which colour of light provides the best consequences for the production of oxygen/ the rate of photosynthesis Background: In photosynthesis, there are two main parts, including light dependent and light-independent reactions. Plants use the energy from light for producing sugar, which is being converted into ATP by cellular respiration. They also are the only organisms that produce oxygen along with glucose

Cross Contamination Example Essay Free Essays

There are 3 different types of contamination in the food industry; microbial contamination, physical contamination and chemical contamination, with microbial contamination being a more frequent cause of food poisoning and rising, with the amount of products contaminated having seen 91 % between 2006 and 201 1 (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs , 2012) . A variety of things can cause microbial cross- contamination, but the most common causes are through vehicles or vectors carrying harmful bacteria (pathogens) from a source to the food. The source or reservoir is where the contamination Originates from, for example, humans, raw food, rodents, dust and soil. We will write a custom essay sample on Cross Contamination Example Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the context of cross- contamination, a vehicle is a substance, object or living thing that moves the contaminant away from its source to the food. The vehicle could either be dictionary or a mobile vehicle. A vector is an organism, usually a bird or an insect, that transmits a pathogen from one place to another. The aim for a food manufacturer is to make a commercially sterile, not completely sterile. The definition for a commercially sterile product is â€Å"Commercial sterility of food means the conditions achieved by application of heat which renders such food free from microorganisms capable of growing in the food at temperatures at which the food is likely to be held during distribution and storage. † (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2007). The reason for this is that he severe thermal treatment needed to make a product completely sterile would severely reduce the sensory quality and nutritional value of the product, as well as increasing the energy consumption to reach higher heats. There are various reasons as to why cross-contamination happens and is a major cause of food poisoning, for example, poor hand washing techniques, confusion of terminology by staff, equipment design and color coded equipment which people do not adhere to. It is also very difficult to track down the causes of an outbreak, so it may take a while to take the relevant assure to stop the outbreak and sometimes the wrong thing is blamed, for example, in 2011 , Spanish fruit and vegetables were blamed for an E. Coli outbreak across Europe, killing 22 people. However, it was later discovered that German bean sprouts were the likely cause (BBC News, 201 1). The mistake cost the Spanish fruit and vegetable industry Emma per week, proving how economically important it is to get the causes right (BBC News, 201 1). In many food poisoning cases, a sequence of events contributes to an outbreak, rather than just one activity alone. This is called the microbial chain ND makes it even harder to discover the true cause Of an outbreak. An example of a microbial chain is; cooked ham comes into a store and is sliced. This ham has come from the supplier contaminated so has now contaminated the slices used. The slices is not washed and other meats, for example, more cooked ham or cooked beef, is sliced on it. This then causes the other meats to become contaminated, making it difficult to find the meat that originally caused the problem. The cooked meat that has been contaminated is ready to eat, so therefore is a high risk product as no further retirement will be done to kill pathogens, meaning it is very likely that a case of food poisoning would come from this microbial chain if the pathogen was harmful enough. A wide range of things can act as vehicles for microbes, for example, hands, clothes, cleaning cloths and pests can all act as mobile vehicles, and food- contact surfaces, food itself and hand-contact surfaces, such as door handles, fridge door and taps, can all act as stationary vehicles. These vehicles can carry pathogens onto high risk foods such as ready to eat products such as, cooked meats, cooked prawns, oysters, and dairy products. A high risk food can be defined as â€Å"any ready-to-eat food that will support the growth of pathogenic bacteria easily and does not require any further heat treatment or cooking’. Warwick University , 2011). This means that special care needs to be taken preparing these foods in the factory or in the kitchen, for example, using separate areas in the factory or using separate chopping boards for raw and cooked meat in the kitchen. There are many laws that have been put in place to try and prevent cross-contamination, therefore reducing th e frequency of major food poisoning outbreaks. These laws can be found in SEC) 852/2004 Hygiene of Food Stuffs and it is the job of environmental health officers to enforce these laws, through audits. This laws have been changed and updated over time since 2004 to make them more relevant and applicable. A public enquiry on the 2005 E. Coli 0157 outbreak in South Wales, chaired by Hugh Pennington, a professor Of bacteriology, helped further improve this piece of legislation when it was published in 2009. However, many find these difficult to interpret and use in the context of their own business, so the Food Standards Agency created Safe Food Better Business’, tit different sections for different types of companies that handle food, for example, for caterers, takeaways, retailers, child minders and care homes. These documents are also provided in different languages to help provide businesses, run by foreign owners who don’t speak English, improve the safety of the food from the business and help them adhere to the laws in (SEC) 852/2004, therefore reducing the risk of an outbreak occurring through cross- contamination from this business. There are many examples of where cross- contamination has been the probable cause of major food poisoning outbreaks, for example, an outbreak of Weston Blumenthal ‘The Fat Duck’ restaurant in 2009, the E. Oil 0157 outbreak in in 2005 in South Wales and an E. Coli outbreak in Lancashire, Scotland in 1996. The 2005 outbreak of E. Coli 0157 in South Wales was a major outbreak and lots of mistakes were made for it to occur, which were highlighted in the Pennington Report. In the outbreak, 157 cases were identified, 31 people admitted to hospital and 1 five year old boy died. This prompted a public enquiry carried out by a Professor in Bact eriology called Hugh Pennington. The problems identified were; poor audits carried out by Environmental Health Officers at John Tudor and Son, critical control points not met, no valid ‘Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point’ (HACK) plan and issues with cooked meat being prepared and packed in the same area as raw meat, therefore causing cross-contamination (Pennington, 2009). The meat also ending up in schools in the area, meaning smaller children with weaker immune systems were more at risk of becoming infected, so they were more vulnerable to serious illness and death. One cause of the outbreak was that there was only one Vic packer, which are used o vacuum pack a product, was used for cooked and raw meat, causing any pathogens that were on the raw meat to contaminate the Vic packer, which then contaminated the cooked meat. This then became the problem as the cooked meat will not be treated again, so there is a good chance that a harmful level of pathogens will be present in the meat when consumed. Environmental health officers that had inspected the premises had noticed that there was only one Vic packer for both, however the Food Business operator had told that they had another Vic packer that was of site for repairs. This turned out to be a lie and could have easily been detected, had the inspector enquired further and asked for proof, however it was only discovered to be not true at later inspection. In the Pennington Report it states that ‘special attention’ was paid to the Vic packer and that ‘the use of one for both raw and cooked meats carried with it a serious risk of cross- contamination’. How to cite Cross Contamination Example Essay, Essays

Hip-Hop and Hyper-Commercialism free essay sample

Hip-Hop and Hyper-commercialism Simple beat, simple rhyme scheme, strong message. Vans dont cost Gs, real inning wear these CLC Vans, says a member of The Pack in the music video aptly titled Vans. You may be asking yourself, So, whats the big deal? The big, highly lucrative deal is the marriage between big name corporations and their partnership with hip-hop. Its nothing new: Run-DAM had My ideas, EL Cool J wore Kananga hats, and even Jay-Z incorporated drinking Cristal into his lyrics for a long period of time.With that being said, the new hip-hop generation of today faces many adversities from years and ears of subliminal marketing within their own sub-culture. The effects of hyper- commercialism are evident in American culture In general, but especially noticeable within popular rap music and urban associated culture. As an avid listener and creator of hip hop music, I have noticed a growing trend in the bay area: rap about what brands you wear. Whether it be Nikkei, Vans, Babe, or Decries, the message seems clear: you are what you wear.Even the term blind, blind is so deeply associated with hip-hop that you cant say it without an image off big, gaudy necklace popping into your head. And Immediately after that, you think, thats something a rapper would wear. Its no secret why. The hip-hop culture has been portraying a certain image since its birth in the late sasss and has been exploited by big name companies since then. The music industry Invests In what sells; companies and corporations sponsor artists who sell and are marketable to a wide, general audience. In the PBS documentary, Merchants of Cool, Naomi Klein states, Quite simply, every company with a powerful brand is attempting to develop a relationship with consumers that resonates so completely with their sense of self hat they will aspire, or at least consent, to be serfs under these feudal borderlands. With this being said, the question of why the hip-hop image is so much different than that of rock music has always bothered me. Take the band Coldly for example.The first adjectives that come to mind when thinking of the band are soft, emotional, and uplifting. And even though the band does not have that rebel edge, they managed to win Grammys and sell millions of records without having brand names within their lyrics. Now examine a hip-hop artist equivalent with huge success In America, 50 Cent. His breakthrough album is entitled Get Rich or Die Trying, appropriate for the philosophy behind the Image of mainstream hip-hop. After listening to the first minute of the first single In Ad Club, its a given that Backward and Mercedes Benz Increased their sales for that year _ He follows that formula of selling your own culture plus helping a company sell a product equals big checks and big success. Not only did he sell over ten million records with his Get Rich or Die Trying album, but he let the big name companies know 0 he means business. And this Is precisely the problem. Not only do I see advertisements everywhere else In American culture, but now have to sit and listen to catch phrase commercials within the music I know and love.This affect has made me question everything about myself. Eve been obsessed with the genre music since Talcs release of crazy sexy Cool, and since then Ive become what many call a Hip-Hop Head. At the time, I was was one of those groups that wasnt caught up in the over excessive marketing campaign that targeted young music listeners like myself. So my foundation for quality, meaningful hip-hop music was always there. But as I grew into my teenage years, I found myself often imitating to the rappers I listened to on a subconscious level.I started wearing brand name clothing that was acceptable and even though I was too young to know anything about alcohol, I thought Hennessey and Backward were the two alcohols that I have to try first. The financial markets have certainly spoken. They have richly rewarded some media-company mergers and made stockholders-including Journalists-happy folks, says Tom Goldstein in his article Big Media: Who Owns the News?. This same idea can be applied to the rap artists who et paid by the sponsors that endorse them.These artists are making millions off these companies who are mainly there to use the artists image as a way to connect their product with his or her fan base. The sad thing is, when an artist talks about Clocks or Smith and Wesson like he is endorsing the product, confused kids buy into it. When I got a little bit older, a littler bit smarter, and a little bit wiser, I started to question myself and my identity, as well as Hip-Hop and the identity portrayed within the mainstream media. It seemed as though everything had to have a hardcore exterior.To be understanding, sensitive, or romantic seemed to be weak, while credibility was earned by talking about guns, drugs, pimping women, and dirty money. In an article regarding two underground DVDs called Straight Auto Hunters Point and Hood 2 Hood, Darrel Keats put this idea best, The storytellers are driven by the same motivation 0 proving that their block is the hardest, and that they are the hardest on the block. This is precisely what is portrayed in most mainstream rap a market flood of bragging and boasting about doing illegal or despicable activities.Yet, I see todays youth confused. You are not respected if you are not outfitted in the latest gear, or up to date with the latest brand. And because of this, up in coming rappers and music makers tailor their own music to fit this philosophy without even being paid by the brands that they promote. Case in point, an underground, unsigned rapper named Young Byrd Man can be found holding a Nikkei shoe on a picture of his Namespace, not knowing that kids who follow him will go and buy those shoes because of the image he portrays. And Nikkei does not sponsor him, or pay him.Sounds like a great business deal, doesnt it? Now you may think that all this commercialism is wrong, but its not. In fact, its only logical 0 sell what you have to get what you want. Everybody does it, especially within the capitalistic society we live in. The problem is artists losing their substance too marketing scheme. New groups like The Pack are prime examples of this flash in the pan trend, and this is why they dont stick around or have a strong following. Based on their first single, their audience knows them as the four Vans spokesman.Are they musical artists, or shoe lessen? They have no perceived foundation for anything more, and thats why I flip to the next channel of the metaphorical Hip-Hop television. So what has made artists like Jay-Z so successful? Being able to find a balance between providing those catch phrase commercials and also giving the listener something real to hold on to. Its simple 0 when the commercials come on during a football game, my dad changes the channel to golf until the football game comes back on. Hes not interested in watching football for what it is, not what its sponsored by. By switching the channel ruing advertisements, hes saying, Im tired of trying to be sold, get back to the point. Hip-Hop has become the same way to me. This is why I choose to stray away from the hyper-commercialism lyrics that I hear too often. Artists like Jay-Z provide enough substance in comparison to advertisements to keep the listeners there. In an article entitled The New Hustle, the author sums it up very well, Its hard to hate on the get-rich part of this game. That rappers are becoming more astute businessmen, branching out into multiple industries, is a good thing.And this is true, its hard to denounce smart business practices or the determination it takes to be an entrepreneur. After all, who could not respect someone who has gone from rags to riches or grew from a crack in the concrete, as Tuba put it. But at the same time, rappers who have become wealthy and have escaped their troubled backgrounds seem to show no second thoughts about what they put into their rap lyrics, endorsement deals or not. And it seems as thought businesses and marketers hold these artists with little to no accountability about how they act or what they say.From a transcript from Bill Realitys show on the Fox News Network when he had a segment on Ludicrous endorsement by Pepsi, he states, Im calling for all responsible Americans to fight back and punish Pepsi for using a man who degrades women, who encourages substance abuse, and does all the things that hurt particularly the poor in our society. Now I dont necessarily agree with all that the man says and does, but he does have a point 0 people listen to these irresponsible artists and business endorsements give them power. Rappe r Gift of Gab of the duo known as Fallacious put it best his song ShallowDays, Music does reflect life, and kids look up to what youre portraying and mimic what you act like. Sometimes my stomach gets this odd feeling when I see rappers inferring that their violent and degrading lyrics are Just creative expressions and have no real repercussions. Sometimes I argue with my current girlfriend about this. In the Bay area, we have something made popular by recent rapper Mac Deer. Its called Thigh, a slang term for ecstasy. Too many times, I come across people who argue that Mac Dress influence over the recent popularity of ecstasy in Hip-Hop ultra is not wrong.Yet, thigh has been a big problem all over northern California, and has never been popular with Hip-Hop heads since Mac Dress on set. Still, hardly anyone wants to point the finger, and I hate doing it myself, but at the same time, artists do have control over what they say and put into the mix of things. Responsibility is a value that seems to be lacking not only in Hollywood, but also Hip- Hop. All in all, the music has major influence on its listeners and the companies know this. Will the current generation realize that they are being sold products and ideas y people within their own culture, or will the trend continue?

Assessment for Learning Formative Assessment free essay sample

The function of assessment in learning and development is to provide a measure of progress, and record of achievement, within the agreed standards or criteria that have been set for performance. The three elements making up the function of assessment in learning and development are an Initial, Formative and Summative assessment.The initial assessment category can identify any prior learning that has taken place, and any individual needs and support required to allow timely progress throughout learning and development. At initial assessment, it may also be appropriate to go through and complete an Individual Learning Plan (ILP), ensuring that during any learning and development, these can be referred to, showing progression to a set goal within the ILP or where further development is required. By setting goals for assessment to meet the individual learning requirements, an inclusive learning environment is promoted.Formative assessment is ongoing assessment throughout any learning. This can be to a set goal within the ILP or can be used to identify where additional support is needed if there are any specific areas identified for development. We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment for Learning Formative Assessment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Summative assessment usually occurs at the end of any learning, in the form of written tests or examinations. It provides a mechanism by which further learning and development have been identified, or for a specific deliverable that can be reached by any summative assessment.The initial assessment is also the first stage of the Assessment cycle, which covers initial assessment, assessment planning, assessment activity, assessment decision and feedback, and review of progress.After the initial assessment, planning for assessment takes place, which must be against set criteria, and be measurable. It reduces the amount of time that is required to conduct the end-to-end assessment process, by having clear and defined guidelines set up. Planning the assessment also gives a clear framework within which any assessment of learning and development takes place, and provides a strategic direction for the learning and development. It defines the learning outcomes being assessed, with, the when and how they will be done.The next stage of the assessment cycle is the assessment activity that takes place, where this is measured, and where it is recorded. This needs to be fit-for-purpose and is either formative or summative as detailed above, and should be done to reflect the required standards and assessment/performance criteria.Following the assessment activity, there is the assessment feedback and decision part of the assessment cycle. This is where any evidence that has been prepared is assessed, and a decision recorded. The recording of that decision is done within the set guidelines and shared with all stakeholders who have a vested interest in the outcome. This may include the awarding organization, potential employers, and others. The final part of the assessment cycle is the review of progress. This may be to measure progress and achievements against the standards in place or to provide data that can be used for quality assurance and improvement processes against set national standards or best practices.

Professional term paper writing help

Professional term paper writing help Term paper The first step to writing a great term paper is choosing a topic. However, it may be difficult as students are usually very busy doing numerous assignments. If you are assigned to produce an academic work for the first time, it may be a tough challenge. Nonetheless, you should not worry about it. Down below, you will find detailed instructions on preparing your piece of writing. If you follow them carefully, you will understand how to do everything in the right way. As it has been mentioned above, you need to select an interesting subject for your essay. Do not inhibit your creativity. Thus, you will be able to choose a fabulous topic. If you have any doubts, you should discuss your choice with the professor. Your teacher will give you useful tips on producing term papers properly. Moreover, you will make sure that no one else has the same subject as you. In addition, when consulting with your professor, you will have a great opportunity to specify the imposed academic requirements. When picking a topic, you should take into account that there are two types of papers: analytical and argumentative. You should be aware of their peculiarities in order to know how to write a term paper of superior quality. When preparing an argumentative work, you need to examine the issue fully, choose its one aspect and present your viewpoint on it. While producing analytical essays, it is necessary to see the explored subject from a new perspective. In this case, you should prove your opinion as well. Paper Writing Procedure When the topic is chosen, you should start doing research. It is understandable that you do not like sitting at the library and looking through different books and journals. Nevertheless, it is the best way to gather reliable data for your paper. Libraries are full of useful printed sources of valuable information about different research areas. Surely, you may use the Internet as well. A lot of reputable online resources may be found there. Do not forget to make proper references as a term paper format is as important as any other element of the paper. Sometimes, students leave writing their college term papers till the last minute. In this case, it is very easy to miss the deadline. For this reason, it is better to plan a daily schedule. You should know clearly what to do every day. First, you need to conduct a research. You may either go to the library or use the search engine. Note all ideas about the issue that seem useful. After that, you should write a thesis. The next step is to produce the body paragraphs. In this section, you should discuss major points. However, some of them should be left for summarizing the paper. Remember that your ideas have to be based on powerful arguments. The concluding section should sum up your work. No matter term paper topics, you should write a reasonable concluding section. Handy Tips When editing your work, you should pay close attention to formatting. Academic papers are usually formatted in the following styles: APA, Turabian, MLA, etc. Furthermore, you should check your piece of writing for plagiarism and grammar. Check your paper twice to make sure that it is written in the right way. By the way, if you cannot write an exclusive term paper on your own, feel free to get in touch with. Our professionals will provide you will expert assistance. We ensure that your work will be written from scratch and edited perfectly. In order to get valuable help from our company, you need to place an order on our website. Do not forget to provide us with explicit guidelines. You can be sure that you will receive an outstanding work.

Ethical, Legal, or Sociocultural Issues Assignment

Ethical, Legal, or Sociocultural Issues - Assignment Example In the context of counseling, ethics is referred to as the philosophical discipline concerned with the standards that govern conduct perceived to be acceptable by a culture or society. Ethical considerations for carrying out testing and measurement, in any psychological context, from a participant perspective should include informed consent obtained from all the participants, voluntary participation and adhering to confidentiality of participant information like identity. Legally, all psychometric tests and measurements have to be performed by competent test users according to the regulation. According to the International Test Commission (ITC), â€Å"A competent test user will use tests appropriately, professionally, and in an ethical manner, paying due regard to the needs and rights of those involved in the testing process, the reasons for testing, and the broader context in which the testing takes place† (Dobbie & Fitzgerald, 2003). Abiding by the ethics codes such as confidentiality, right to informed consent, and voluntary participation are also covered under legal boundaries. From a sociocultural perspective, biasness in testing and measurement is the most common possibility. The psychologists involved in testing should have sensitivity, knowledge, and skills to work with individuals and groups with a diverse range of strengths and needs from a variety of racial, cultural, ethnic, experiential, and linguistic backgrounds. With this expertise, the psychologists will be able to reduce and/or eliminate possible biasness caused by these sociocultural norms, thereby helping participants of all backgrounds feel welcomed and appreciated in the group (NASP, 2000). The AMCD multicultural counseling competencies (Toporek et al, 1996) also advocates the counselor to educate their clients on the intention of psychological interventions such as goals, expectations, legal rights and the counselor’s

The Myths of Negotiating Dark Networks Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Myths of Negotiating Dark Networks - Article Example They clarify that â€Å"in contrast to hierarchies, networks lack top-down command and authoritative dispute settlement† (2008: 11). While they acknowledge the commonly cited advantages of networked actors – efficient communication and information processing, scalability, adaptability, resilience, and learning capacity – they rightfully caution that all of these may not apply to every type of network. Eistrup-Sangiovanni and Jones identify three kinds of networks: the chain network, the wheel network, and the all-channel network. Illicit networks are primarily of the first two variants and many, if not most, suffer from â€Å"inefficiencies and short life-cycles† (2008: 17). The scholarship on networks, they claim, pays scant attention to historical evidence and extant studies of terrorism, insurgency, and organized crime. Dark networks suffer from information limitations and communication failures, poor decision-making and excessive risk-taking, restrictions on scope and structural adaptability, collective action problems due to (lack of) coordination, frequent security breaches, and learning disabilities (2008: 19-33). Using these limitations as an analytical framework, Eistrup-Sangiovanni and Jones examine the organizational structure of the al-Qaida, which appears to be a robust network-based threat in the 21st century. The al-Qaida’s potency draws a lot from a hierarchical organization, which has been increasingly difficult to maintain as the group comes under sustained international pressure. Its capacity to undertake major operations – like the â€Å"9/11† attacks – dwindles as it more closely resembles a loosely structured network of actors; indeed, there have been more failed attempts than successful attacks since 2001 (2008: 35-40).